| Date |
Event |
| 3rd century B.C. | Iron weapons in use; Xiongnu invasion of China repulsed |
| 2d-1st centuries B.C. | Nomads expand west; pressure on China continues |
| 1st-2d centuries A.D. | Renewed attacks on China |
| A.D. 317 | Xianbei conquer northern China |
| 386-533 | Period of Northern Wei Dynasty, established by the Toba in northern China mid-8th century; Possible early Mongol links with Tibetan Buddhism |
| 916-1125 | Period of Kitan Liao Dynasty, established over eastern Mongolia, Manchuria, and northern China |
| 1038-1227 | Tangut Western Xia Dynasty, established in northwestern China |
| 1115-1234 | Jurchen establish Jin Dynasty in Manchuria, northern China |
| 1139-47 | Jurchen defeat Mongols in Pamirs |
| 1196-1206 | Temujin unites Mongols, assumes title of Chinggis Khan |
| 1209-15 | Mongols conquer south to Beijing, west to Lake Balkash |
| 1220-26 | Southwest Asia conquered; invasion of Europe and China |
| 1227 | Chinggis dies |
| 1231 | Korea invaded |
| 1235 | Capital rebuilt at Karakorum |
| 1237-41 | Expedition into Europe that was halted at Vienna with death of Ogedei |
| 1240-1480 | Suzerainty over Russia established by Golden Horde Conquest of Song China |
| 1260 | Mongols defeated by Egyptian Mamluks |
| 1261 | Khubilai becomes great khan |
| 1274 and 1281 | Unsuccessful attempts at invasion of Japan |
| 1279 | Yuan Dynasty established in China |
| 1368 | Yuan Dynasty destroyed; Mongols driven back into Mongolia |
| 1388 | Chinese troops destroy Karakorum |
| 1391 | Timur defeats Golden Horde |
| 1400-54 | Civil war ends Mongol unity |
| 1409-49 | Renewed Mongol invasions of China |
| 1466 | Dayan Khan reunites most of Mongolia |
| 1480-1502 | Muscovites end Mongol control of Russia; last of Golden Horde defeated |
| 1571 | Mongols end 300-year war with China |
| 1586 | Buddhism becomes state religion |
| 1641-52 | Russians defeat Buryat Mongols, gain control of Lake Baykal region |
| 1672 | Mongols raid Siberia and Russia |
| 1691 | Most Khalkha Mongols accept suzerainty of Manchus, absorbed into Chinese empire (Qing Dynasty 1644-1911) |
| 1728 | Sino-Russian Treaty of Kyakhta redefines traditional Mongolian borders |
| 1732 | Dzungar Mongols defeated; Mongol independence ended |
| 1750s | Chinese divide Mongolia into northern, Outer Mongolia, and Southern, Inner Mongolia |
| 1783 | Last reigning descendant of Chinggis in the Crimea deposed by Russians |
| December 1, 1911 | Outer Mongolia proclaims independence from China |
| December 28, 1911 | Mongolia establishes autonomous theocratic government |
| November 3, 1912 | Russia affirms Mongolia's separation from China |
| November 5, 1913 | Sino-Russian agreement acknowledges Chinese suzerainty over Mongolia |
| May 25, 1915 | Treaty of Kyakhta formalizes Mongolian autonomy |
| September 1918 | Chinese troops occupy Outer Mongolia |
| March-June 1920 | Mongolian People's Party formed, establishes links with Communist International and Soviets |
| October 1920 | Russian White Guards invade Mongolia |
| March 1-3, 1921 | First National Party Congress of the Mongolian People's Party held in Kyakhta, Soviet Union |
| March 13, 1921 | Mongolian People's Provisional Government formed |
| July 1921 | Mongolian-Soviet army drives out White Guards |
| July 11, 1921 | Mongolian People's Government, a limited monarchy, proclaimed |
| September 14, 1921 | Mongolian independence proclaimed |
| November 5, 1921 | Soviets recognize Mongolian People's Government |
| February 22, 1923 | Revolutionary hero Damdiny Sukhe Batar dies |
| May 31, 1924 | Sino-Soviet treaty recognizes Chinese sovereignty over Mongolia |
| August 1924 | Mongolian People's Party becomes Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party |
| November 6, 1924 | First National Great Hural convenes |
| November 25, 1924 | Mongolian People's Republic proclaimed; Soviet style state constitution adopted; Niyslel Huree renamed Ulaanbaatar |
| March 1925 | Soviet troops ostensibly withdraw |
| September 1927 | Inner-party struggle at Sixth Party Congress |
| December 1928 | Horloyn Choybalsan emerges as party leader |
| 1929-32 | Feudal estates confiscated; religious communities suppressed |
| April-May 1932 | Soviet troops help quell rebellions; party repudiates extremism |
| November 27, 1934 | Mongolian-Soviet "gentlemen's agreement" allows Soviet troops into Mongolia |
| March 12, 1936 | Treaty and mutual defense protocol signed with Soviet Union |
| 1937-39 | High-level government purges |
| 1938 | Buddhist monasteries closed |
| 1939 | Choybalsan emerges as undisputed leader |
| July-August 1939 | Mongolian-Soviet joint force defeats Japanese at Khalkhyn Gol |
| March-April 1940 | Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal becomes party general secretary |
| August 10, 1945 | Mongolia declares war on Japan |
| January 5, 1946 | China recognizes Mongolia's independence |
| February 27, 1946 | Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Assistance and Agreement on Economic and Cultural Cooperation signed with Soviet Union |
| February 1949 | Ninth National Great Hural, first since 1940, convenes |
| January 26, 1952 | Choybalsan dies |
| May 1952 | Tsedenbal becomes premier |
| December 1952 | Economic and cultural cooperation agreement signed with China |
| April 1956 | "Personality cult" of Choybalsan condemned |
| October 1956 | New collective efforts start |
| July 6, 1960 | New state Constitution adopted |
| October 27, 1961 | Mongolia admitted to United Nations |
| January 1962 | Choybalsan's "personality cult" again condemned |
| June 7, 1962 | Mongolia joins Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon |
| 1966 | Serious Mongolian-Chinese differences emerge |
| June 1974 | Jambyn Batmonh becomes chairman of Council of Ministers; Tsedenbal becomes chairman of the Presidium of the People's Great Hural and continues as party first secretary |
| August 23, 1984 | Tsedenbal retires; Batmonh becomes party general secretary |
| December 12, 1984 | Batmonh elected chairman of Presidium of People's Great Hural; Dumaagiyn Sodnom becomes premier |
| April 1986 | Long-term trade agreement signed with China |
| January 15, 1987 | Soviet Union announces intention to withdraw one of five Soviet divisions stationed in Mongolia |
| January 27, 1987 | Diplomatic relations established with the United States |
| November 28, 1988 | Treaty on a border control system signed with China |
| March 7, 1989 | Soviets announced that troop withdrawal plans had been finalized |
Chronology of Important Events
